Which family does Tolstoy consider ideal? “What is an ideal family in the understanding of L

How often Tolstoy uses the word family, family to designate the Rostov house! What a warm light and comfort emanates from this word, so familiar and kind to everyone! Behind this word is peace, harmony, love.

How are the Bolkonsky house and the Rostov house similar?

(First of all, a sense of family, spiritual kinship, patriarchal way of life (general feelings of grief or joy embrace not only family members, but even their servants: “The Rostov footmen joyfully rushed to take off his (Pierre’s) cloak and take his stick and hat,” “Nicholas takes Gavrila has money for a cab driver"; the Rostovs' valet is as devoted to the Rostovs' house as Alpatych is to the Bolkonskys' house. "The Rostov Family", "Bolkonskys", "The Rostovs' House"; "the Bolkonskys' estate" - already in these definitions the sense of connectedness is obvious: " On Nikolin’s day, on the prince’s name day, all of Moscow was at the entrance of his (Bolkonsky) house...” “The prince’s house was not what is called “light,” but it was such a small circle that, although it was not heard of in the city, but in which it was most flattering to be accepted...".)

Name the distinctive feature of the Bolkonsky and Rostov houses.

(Hospitality is a distinctive feature of these houses: “Even in Otradnoye there were up to 400 guests,” in Bald Mountains - up to a hundred guests four times a year. Natasha, Nikolai, Petya are honest, sincere, frank with each other; they open their souls to their parents, hoping for complete mutual understanding (Natasha - to her mother about self-love; Nikolai - to her father even about losing 43 thousand; Petya - to everyone at home about the desire to go to war...); Andrei and Marya are friendly (Andrei - to his father about his wife). Both families differ greatly parents' care for their children: Rostova, the eldest, hesitates between the choice - carts for the wounded or family values ​​(the future material security of the children). The son is a warrior - the pride of the mother. She is involved in raising children: tutors, balls, outings, youth evenings, Natasha's singing , music, preparation for studying at the Petit University; plans about their future family, children. The Rostovs and Bolkonskys love children more than themselves: Rostova - the eldest cannot bear the death of her husband and the younger Petit; the old Bolkonsky loves children passionately and reverently, even severity and His exactingness comes only from the desire for good for the children.)

Why is the personality of old man Bolkonsky interesting to Tolstoy and to us, the readers?

(Bolkonsky attracts both Tolstoy and modern readers with his originality. “An old man with keen, intelligent eyes,” “with the brilliance of smart and young eyes,” “inspiring a feeling of respect and even fear,” “he was harsh and invariably demanding.” A friend of Kutuzov, he even in his youth he received the general-in-chief. And disgraced, he never ceased to be interested in politics. His energetic mind requires an outlet. Nikolai Andreevich, honoring only two human virtues: “activity and intelligence,” “was constantly busy either writing his memoirs or making calculations from higher mathematics, either turning snuff boxes on a machine, or working in the garden and supervising buildings...” “He himself was involved in raising his daughter.” It is not for nothing that Andrei has an urgent need to communicate with his father, whose intelligence he appreciates and whose analytical abilities he never ceases to be amazed at. Proud and adamant, the prince asks his son to “transmit notes... to the sovereign after... my death." And for the Academy he has prepared a prize for the one who writes the history of Suvorov’s wars... Here are my remarks, after me read for yourself, you will find benefit "

He creates a militia, arms people, tries to be useful, to put his military experience into practice. Nikolai Andreevich sees in his heart the sacredness of his son and himself helps him in a difficult conversation about the wife he is leaving and his unborn child.

And the year unfinished by the old prince to test the feelings of Andrei and Natasha is also an attempt to protect the feeling of his son from accidents and troubles: “There was a son whom it was a pity to give to the girl.”

The old prince took care of the upbringing and education of his children himself, not trusting or entrusting this to anyone.)

Why is Bolkonsky demanding of his daughter to the point of despotism?

(The key to the solution is in the phrase of Nikolai Andreevich himself: “And I don’t want you to be like our stupid young ladies.” He considers idleness and superstition to be the source of human vices. And the main condition for activity is order. A father, proud of his son’s intelligence, knows , that between Marya and Andrey there is not only complete mutual understanding, but also sincere friendship, based on unity of views. Thoughts... He understands how rich the spiritual world of his daughter is; knows how beautiful she can be in moments of emotional excitement. That is why he is so painful for him the arrival and matchmaking of the Kuragins, this “stupid, heartless breed.”)

When and how will paternal pride manifest itself in Princess Marya?

(She will be able to refuse Anatoly Kuragin, whom her father brought to woo the Bolkonskys; she will indignantly reject the patronage of the French general Rom; she will be able to suppress her pride in the scene of farewell to the bankrupt Nikolai Rostov: “don’t deprive me of your friendship.” She will even say in her father’s phrase: “To me It will hurt.")

How does the Bolkonsky breed manifest itself in Prince Andrei?

(Like his father. Andrei will be disillusioned with the world and will go into the army. The son will want to realize his father’s dream of a perfect military manual, but Andrei’s work will not be appreciated. Kutuzov will appoint the son of a service comrade as an adjutant and will write to Nikolai Andreevich that Andrei promises to be an outstanding officer. The courage and personal bravery of the young Bolkonsky in the Battle of Austerlitz does not lead the hero to the heights of personal glory, and participation in the Battle of Shengraben convinces that true heroism is modest, and the hero is outwardly ordinary. That is why it is so bitter to see Captain Tushin, who, according to Andrei's conviction, "owed to the success of the day", ridiculed and punished at a meeting of officers. Only Andrei will stand up for him, will be able to go against the general opinion.

Andrei’s work is as tireless as his father’s work... Work in the Speransky commission, an attempt to draw up and approve his plan for the deployment of troops at Shengraben, the liberation of the peasants, and the improvement of their living conditions. But during the war, the son, like his father, sees his main interest in the general course of military affairs.)

In what scenes will the feeling of fatherhood in the old man Bolkonsky manifest itself with particular force?

(Nikolai Andreevich does not trust anyone not only with his fate, but even with the upbringing of his children. With what “outer calm and inner malice” does he agree to Andrei’s marriage to Natasha; the impossibility of being separated from Princess Marya pushes him to desperate, evil, bilious actions: The groom will tell his daughter: "... there is no point in disfiguring yourself - and she is so bad." He was insulted by the Kuragins' matchmaking for his daughter. The insult was the most painful, because it did not apply to him, to his daughter, whom he loved more than himself.")

Re-read the lines about how the old man reacts to his son’s declaration of love for Rostova: he screams, then “plays the subtle diplomat”; the same techniques as when the Kuragins were matchmaking with Marya.

How will Marya embody her father's ideal of a family?

(She will become demanding of her children like a father, observing their behavior, encouraging them for good deeds and punishing them for evil ones. A wise wife, she will be able to instill in Nikolai the need to consult with himself, and noticing that his sympathies are on the side of his youngest daughter, Natasha , reproaches him for this. She will reproach herself for what she thinks is not enough love for her nephew, but we know that Marya is too pure of soul and honest, that she never betrayed the memory of her beloved brother, that for her Nikolenka is a continuation of the prince Andrey. She will call her eldest son “Andryusha.”)

How does Tolstoy prove his idea that if there is no moral core in parents, there will not be one in children either?

(Vasil Kuragin is the father of three children, but all his dreams come down to one thing: to find a better place for them, to sell them off. All the Kuragins easily endure the shame of matchmaking. Anatole, who accidentally met Marya on the day of the matchmaking, holds Burien in his arms. Helen calmly and frozen The beauty's smile was condescending towards the idea of ​​her family and friends to marry her to Pierre. He, Anatole, was only slightly annoyed by the unsuccessful attempt to take Natasha away. Only once will their “control” change them: Helen will scream for fear of being killed by Pierre, and her brother will cry as a woman who has lost her leg. Their calmness comes from indifference to everyone except themselves: Anatole “had the ability of calm and unchangeable confidence, precious to the world.” Their spiritual callousness and meanness will be branded by the most honest and delicate Pierre, and therefore the accusation will sound from his lips , like a shot: “Where you are, there is depravity, evil.”

They are alien to Tolstoy's ethics. Egoists are closed only to themselves. Barren flowers. Nothing will be born from them, because in a family one must be able to give others the warmth of the soul and care. They only know how to take: “I’m not a fool to give birth to children” (Helen), “We need to take a girl while she’s still a flower in the bud” (Anatole).)

Marriages of convenience... Will they become a family in Tolstoy's sense of the word?

(The dream of Drubetsky and Berg came true: they married successfully. In their houses everything is the same as in all rich houses. Everything is as it should be: comme il faut. But the rebirth of the heroes does not occur. There are no feelings. The soul is silent.)

But a true feeling of love regenerates Tolstoy’s favorite heroes. Describe it.

(Even the “thinking” Prince Andrei, in love with Natasha, seems different to Pierre: “Prince Andrei seemed and was a completely different, new person.”

For Andrey, Natasha’s love is everything: “happiness, hope, light.” “This feeling is stronger than me.” “I wouldn’t believe anyone who told me that I could love like that.” “I can’t help but love the world, it’s not my fault,” “I’ve never experienced anything like this.” “Prince Andrei, with a radiant, enthusiastic and renewed face, stopped in front of Pierre...”

Natasha responds to Andrei’s love with all her heart: “But this, this has never happened to me.” “I can’t bear the separation”...

Natasha comes to life after Andrei’s death under the rays of Pierre’s love: “The whole face, gait, look, voice - everything suddenly changed in her. The power of life, unexpected for her, hopes for happiness surfaced and demanded satisfaction,” “The change... surprised Princess Marya.”

Nikolai “drew closer and closer to his wife, discovering new spiritual treasures in her every day.” He is happy with his wife’s spiritual superiority over him and strives to be better.

The hitherto unknown happiness of love for her husband and children makes Marya even more attentive, kinder and more gentle: “I would never, never believe,” she whispered to herself, “that you could be so happy.”

And Marya worries about her husband’s temper, she worries painfully, to the point of tears: “She never cried from pain or annoyance, but always from sadness and pity. And when she cried, her radiant eyes acquired an irresistible charm.” In her face, “suffering and loving,” Nikolai now finds answers to the questions that torment him, he is proud of him and is afraid of losing her.

After separation, Natasha meets Pierre; her conversation with her husband takes a new path, contrary to all the laws of logic... Already because at the same time they were talking about completely different subjects... This was the surest sign that “they completely understand each other.”)

Love gives vigilance to their souls, strength to their feelings.

They can sacrifice everything for their loved one, for the happiness of others. Pierre belongs undividedly to the family, and she belongs to him. Natasha leaves all her hobbies. She has something more important, the most precious thing - family. And the family cares about its main talent - the talent of care, understanding, love. They: Pierre, Natasha, Marya, Nikolai - the embodiment of family thought in the novel.

But Tolstoy’s “family” epithet itself is much broader and deeper. Can you prove it?

(Yes, the family circle is Raevsky’s battery; the father and children are Captain Tushin and his batteries; “everyone looked like children”; the father of the soldiers is Kutuzov. And the girl Malashka Kutuzov is the grandfather. That’s how she will call the commander in a related way. Kutuzov, having learned from Andrei about the death of Nikolai Andreevich, will say that now he is the father for the prince. The soldiers stopped the words Kamensky - father to Kutuzov - father. “A son worried about the fate of the Motherland,” - Bagration, who in a letter to Arakcheev will express his son’s concern and love to Russia.

And the Russian army is also a family, with a special, deep sense of brotherhood, unity in the face of common misfortune. The exponent of the people's worldview in the novel is Platon Karataev. He, with his fatherly, fatherly attitude towards everyone, became for Pierre and for us the ideal of serving people, the ideal of kindness, conscientiousness, a model of “moral” life - life according to God, life “for everyone”.

Therefore, together with Pierre, we ask Karataev: “What would he approve of?” And we hear Pierre’s answer to Natasha: “I would approve of our family life. He so wanted to see beauty, happiness, tranquility in everything, and I would proudly show him us.” It is in the family that Pierre comes to the conclusion: “...if vicious people are connected with each other and constitute a force, then honest people only need to do the same. It’s so simple.”)

Maybe Pierre, raised outside the family, put his family at the center of his future life?

(What is amazing about him, a man, is his childlike conscientiousness, sensitivity, ability to respond with his heart to the pain of another person and alleviate his suffering. “Pierre smiled with his kind smile,” “Pierre sat awkwardly in the middle of the living room,” “he was shy.” He feels his mother’s despair , who lost a child in burning Moscow; empathizes with the grief of Marya, who lost her brother; considers himself obligated to reassure Anatole and asks him to leave, and in the salon of Scherer and his wife he will deny rumors about Natasha’s escape with Anatole. Therefore, the goal of his public service is good, “active virtue".)

In which scenes of the novel does this property of Pierre’s soul manifest itself especially clearly?

(Both Nikolai and Andrei call Pierre a big child. Bolkonsky will entrust the secret of love for Natasha to him, Pierre. He will entrust Natasha, the bride, to him. He will advise her to turn to him, Pierre, in difficult times. “With a heart of gold,” a glorious fellow ", Pierre will be a real friend in the novel. It is with him that Natasha's aunt Akhrosimova will consult regarding her beloved niece. But it is he, Pierre, who will introduce Andrei and Natasha at the first adult ball in her life. He will notice the confusion of Natasha's feelings, which no one invited dance, and will ask his friend Andrey to engage her.)

What are the similarities and differences between the mental structure of Pierre and Natasha?

(The structure of the soul of Natasha and Pierre is in many ways similar. Pierre, in an intimate conversation with Andrei, confesses to a friend: “I feel that, besides me, spirits live above me and that there is truth in this world,” “we lived and will live forever there, in everything (he pointed to the sky)." Natasha "knows" that in her previous life everyone was an angel. Pierre was the first to feel this connection very keenly (he is older) and involuntarily worried about Natasha's fate: he was happy and for some reason sad, When he listened to Andrei’s confession of his love for Rostova, he seemed to be afraid of something.

But Natasha will also be afraid for herself and for Andrei: “I’m so afraid for him and for myself, and for everything I’m afraid...” And Andrei’s feeling of love for her will be mixed with a feeling of fear and responsibility for the fate of this girl.

This will not be the feeling for Pierre and Natasha. Love will revive their souls. There will be no room for doubt in the soul, everything will be filled with love.

But the insightful Tolstoy saw that even at the age of 13, Natasha, with her responsive to everything truly beautiful and kind soul, noted Pierre: at the table she looked from Boris Drubetsky, whom she vowed to “love until the very end,” to Pierre; Pierre is the first adult man whom he invites to dance; it is for Pierre that the girl Natasha takes a fan and pretends to be an adult. "I love him so much".

The “unchanging moral certainty” of Natasha and Pierre can be traced throughout the entire novel. “He did not want to curry public favor,” he built his life on internal personal foundations: hopes, aspirations, goals, which were based on the same family interests; Natasha does what her heart tells her. In essence, Tolstoy emphasizes that “doing good” for his favorite heroes means responding “purely intuitively, with heart and soul” to others. Natasha and Pierre sense and understand, “with their characteristic sensitivity of heart,” the slightest falsehood. At the age of 15, Natasha says to her brother Nikolai: “Don’t be angry, but I know that you won’t marry her (Sonya). “Natasha, with her sensitivity, also noticed her brother’s condition,” “She knew how to understand what was ... in every Russian person,” Natasha “understands nothing” in Pierre’s sciences, but attributes great importance to them. They never “use” anyone and call for only one type of connection - spiritual kinship. They truly feel it, experience it: they cry, scream, laugh, share secrets, despair and again look for the meaning of life in caring for others.)

What is the importance of children in the Rostov and Bezukhov families?

(Children for people “non-family” are a cross, a burden, a burden. And only for family people they are happiness, the meaning of life, life itself. How glad the Rostovs are to return from the front on vacation to Nicholas, their favorite and hero! With what love and care they take on hands of children Nikolai and Pierre! Do you remember the same expression on the face of Nikolai and his favorite - black-eyed Natasha? Do you remember with what love Natasha peers into her younger son’s familiar facial features, finding him similar to Pierre? Marya is happy in the family. Not one like the happy ones we will not find family pictures in the Kuragins, Drubetskys, Bergs, Karagins. Remember, Drubetsky was “unpleasant to remember his childhood love for Natasha,” and all the Rostovs were absolutely happy at home: “Everyone shouted, talked, kissed Nikolai at the same time ", here, at home, among his relatives, Nikolai is happy in a way he has not been happy for a year and a half. The family world for Tolstoy’s favorite heroes is the world of childhood. In the most difficult moments of their lives, Andrei and Nikolai remember their relatives: Andrei on the Field of Austerlitz remembers home , Marye; under bullets - about the father's order. Wounded Rostov, in moments of oblivion, sees his home and all his friends. These heroes are living people we understand. Their experiences, grief, joy cannot but touch.)

Can we say that the heroes of the novel have a child's soul?

(They, the author’s favorite heroes, have their own world, a high world of goodness and beauty, a children’s pure world. Natasha and Nikolai transport themselves to the world of a winter fairy tale on Christmas Eve. In a magical dream, 15-year-old Petya spends the last night of his life at the front Rostov. “Come on, our Matvevna,” Tushin said to himself. “Matvevna” was represented in his imagination by a cannon (large, extreme, ancient casting...). And the world of music also unites the heroes, elevating, spiritualizing them. Petya In a dream, Rostov leads an invisible orchestra, “Princess Marya played the clavichord,” Natasha is taught singing by a famous Italian. Nikolai comes out of a moral impasse (losing to Dolokhov by 43 thousand!) under the influence of his sister’s singing. And books play an important role in the lives of these heroes. Andrei stocking up on books in Brünn “for a hike." Nikolai made it a rule not to buy a new book without first reading the old ones. We will see Marya, Natasha with a book in their hands, and never Helen.)

IV. Results.

Tolstoy associates even the purest word “childish” with the word “family.” “Rostov again entered this family children’s world”... “Rostov felt as if under the influence of these bright rays of Natasha’s love, for the first time in a year and a half. That childish and pure smile blossomed in his soul and on his face, which he had never smiled with since he left home.” Pierre has a childish smile. Junker Nikolai Rostov has a childish, enthusiastic face.

The childishness of the soul (purity, naivety, naturalness) that a person preserves is, according to Tolstoy, the heart - the fault of morality, the essence of beauty in a person:

Andrei, on Pratsenskaya Heights, with a banner in his hands, raises a soldier behind him: “Guys, go ahead! - he shouted in a child’s voice.”

Andrei Kutuzov will look at Andrei Kutuzov with childish, unhappy eyes, having learned about the death of the elder Bolkonsky, his comrade in arms. Marya will respond with a childish expression of extreme resentment (tears) to outbursts of her husband’s causeless anger.

They, these heroes, even have confidential, homely vocabulary. The word “darling” is pronounced by the Rostovs, the Bolkonskys, Tushin, and Kutuzov. Therefore, class barriers are broken, and the soldiers at Raevsky’s battery accepted Pierre into their family and nicknamed him our master; Nikolai and Petya easily join the officer’s family; the families of the young Rostovs, Natasha and Nikolai, are very friendly. The family develops in them the best feelings - love and dedication.

"People's Thought" in the novel "War and Peace". Historical plan in the novel. Images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The combination of the personal and the general in the novel. The meaning of the image of Platon Karataev.

Target: generalize throughout the novel the role of the people in history, the author’s attitude towards the people.

During the classes

The lesson-lecture is conducted according to plan with the recording of theses:

I. Gradual change and deepening of the concept and theme of the novel “War and Peace.”

II. “People's thought” is the main idea of ​​the novel.

1. The main conflicts of the novel.

2. Tearing off all kinds of masks from court and staff lackeys and drones.

3. “Russian at heart” (The best part of the noble society in the novel. Kutuzov as the leader of the people’s war).

4. Depiction of the moral greatness of the people and the liberating nature of the people's war of 1812.

III. The immortality of the novel "War and Peace".

For the work to be good,

you have to love the main, fundamental idea in it.

In “War and Peace” I loved popular thought,

due to the War of 1812.

L. N. Tolstoy

Lecture material

L.N. Tolstoy, based on his statement, considered “folk thought” the main idea of ​​the novel “War and Peace”. This is a novel about the destinies of people, about the fate of Russia, about the people's feat, about the reflection of history in a person.

The main conflicts of the novel - Russia's struggle against Napoleonic aggression and the clash of the best part of the nobility, expressing national interests, with court lackeys and staff drones, pursuing selfish, selfish interests both in the years of peace and in the years of war - are connected with the theme of the people's war.

“I tried to write the history of the people,” said Tolstoy. The main character of the novel is the people; a people thrown into a war of 1805 that was alien to its interests, unnecessary and incomprehensible, a people who rose up in 1812 to defend their Motherland from foreign invaders and defeated in a just, liberating war a huge enemy army led by a hitherto invincible commander, a people united by a great goal - “cleanse your land from invasion.”

There are more than a hundred crowd scenes in the novel, over two hundred named people from the people act in it, but the significance of the image of the people is determined, of course, not by this, but by the fact that all the important events in the novel are assessed by the author from the people's point of view. Tolstoy expresses the popular assessment of the war of 1805 in the words of Prince Andrei: “Why did we lose the battle at Austerlitz? There was no need for us to fight there: we wanted to leave the battlefield as quickly as possible.” The popular assessment of the Battle of Borodino, when the hand of the strongest enemy in spirit was laid on the French, is expressed by the writer at the end of Part I of Vol. III of the novel: “The moral strength of the French attacking army was exhausted. Not the victory that is determined by the pieces of material picked up on sticks called banners, and by the space on which the troops stood and are standing, but a moral victory, one that convinces the enemy of the moral superiority of his enemy and of his own powerlessness, was won by the Russians under Borodin."

“People's thought” is present everywhere in the novel. We clearly feel it in the merciless “tearing off masks” that Tolstoy resorts to when painting the Kuragins, Rostopchin, Arakcheev, Bennigsen, Drubetsky, Julie Karagin and others. Their calm, luxurious St. Petersburg life went on as before.

Often social life is presented through the prism of popular views. Remember the scene of the opera and ballet performance at which Natasha Rostova meets Helen and Anatoly Kuragin (vol. II, part V, chapters 9-10). “After the village... all this was wild and surprising to her. ... -... she felt either ashamed of the actors or funny for them.” The performance is depicted as if it is being watched by an observant peasant with a healthy sense of beauty, surprised at how absurdly the gentlemen are amusing themselves.

“People's thought” is felt more clearly where heroes close to the people are depicted: Tushin and Timokhin, Natasha and Princess Marya, Pierre and Prince Andrei - they are all Russian at heart.

It is Tushin and Timokhin who are shown as the true heroes of the Battle of Shengraben; victory in the Battle of Borodino, according to Prince Andrei, will depend on the feeling that is in him, in Timokhin and in every soldier. “Tomorrow, no matter what, we will win the battle!” - says Prince Andrei, and Timokhin agrees with him: “Here, your Excellency, the truth, the true truth.”

In many scenes of the novel, both Natasha and Pierre act as bearers of popular feeling and “folk thought”, who understood the “hidden warmth of patriotism” that was in the militia and soldiers on the eve and on the day of the Battle of Borodino; Pierre, who, according to the servants, “was taken a simpleton” in captivity, and Prince Andrei, when he became “our prince” for the soldiers of his regiment.

Tolstoy portrays Kutuzov as a man who embodied the spirit of the people. Kutuzov is a truly people's commander. Expressing the needs, thoughts and feelings of the soldiers, he appears during the review at Braunau, and during the Battle of Austerlitz, and during the war of liberation of 1812. “Kutuzov,” writes Tolstoy, “with all his Russian being knew and felt what every Russian soldier felt...” During the War of 1812, all his efforts were aimed at one goal - cleansing his native land from invaders. On behalf of the people, Kutuzov rejects Lauriston's proposal for a truce. He understands and repeatedly says that the Battle of Borodino is a victory; Understanding, like no one else, the popular nature of the War of 1812, he supports the plan for the deployment of partisan actions proposed by Denisov. It was his understanding of the people’s feelings that forced the people to choose this old man, who was in disgrace, as the leader of the people’s war against the will of the tsar.

Also, “people's thought” was fully manifested in the depiction of the heroism and patriotism of the Russian people and army during the Patriotic War of 1812. Tolstoy shows extraordinary tenacity, courage and fearlessness of the soldiers and the best part of the officers. He writes that not only Napoleon and his generals, but all the soldiers of the French army experienced in the Battle of Borodino “a feeling of horror in front of that enemy who, having lost half the army, stood just as menacingly at the end as at the beginning of the battle.”

The War of 1812 was not like other wars. Tolstoy showed how the “club of the people’s war” rose, painted numerous images of partisans, and among them - the memorable image of the peasant Tikhon Shcherbaty. We see the patriotism of civilians who left Moscow, abandoned and destroyed their property. “They went because for the Russian people there could be no question: whether it would be good or bad under the control of the French in Moscow. You can’t be under French rule: that was the worst thing.”

Thus, reading the novel, we are convinced that the writer judges the great events of the past, the life and morals of various strata of Russian society, individual people, war and peace from the position of popular interests. And this is the “folk thought” that Tolstoy loved in his novel.

Municipal educational institution

"Secondary school No. 20"

Examination essay on literature

The ideal of family in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace.”

Performed

11th grade student B

Selyanina Yana Valerievna.

Checked

teacher of Russian language and literature

Balueva Elena Nikolaevna.

Novomoskovsk

I.Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ .................3

II.The ideal of family in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”................................................. ...4 -30

1. The atmosphere of the family world in the novel.

2. Prototypes of the novel's heroes

3. Bolkonsky family

4. Kuragin family

5. Rostov family

6. The relationship between Pierre Bezukhov and Natalya Rostova is an idyll of family happiness.

III.Conclusion........................................................ ........................................................ ....31 - 32

IV.List of references.................................................................... ....................33

I. Introduction.

It is known that the family plays a decisive role in the development of a person. A person’s personality is created in the family, in the atmosphere in which he grows. Therefore, writers often turn to the theme of family, exploring the environment in which the hero develops, trying to understand him. Let us recall the play by D. I. Fonvizin “The Minor”, ​​the novel by I. A. Goncharov “Oblomov”, the epic novel

L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

What is an ideal family for Leo Tolstoy? To answer this question, let’s turn to the writer’s novel “War and Peace,” where the master of words reveals the psychology of the characters, showing their attitude towards other people and eternal human values: nature, art, love, and their ability to self-denial. Leo Tolstoy always took the problem of family relationships very seriously. He believed that the most important thing in a family is peace, mutual understanding and love. In the novel, the main characters are not only individuals, but also their families in which the characters live. On the pages of War and Peace we get acquainted with the life of several noble families: the Rostovs, the Bolkonskys, the Bezukhovs, the Kuragins.

L.N. Tolstoy wrote: “In “War and Peace” I loved the people’s thought, and in “Anna Karenina” I loved the family thought.” But this does not mean that “family thought” is not present in “War and Peace”. In general, “War and Peace” is in many ways a family novel. His main thought is the thought of peace. Peace is love, harmony, but it is also separate worlds of human associations. The main human associations are families. L.N. Tolstoy is a family writer in the sense that he almost never imagines his heroes as loners. In constant development we observe not only the heroes of the novel, but also the families themselves, the relationships within them.

It seems to me that by depicting the relationships of people within a family in the novel, Tolstoy wanted to say a lot. Firstly, family greatly influences a person’s spiritual development. Using the example of the Bolkonsky family, we see how all the best qualities of a person are passed on from generation to generation in this family. Secondly, if there were no such families, it would have been difficult for Russia to win the War of 1812 (such people had the only important goal of saving Russia).

My choice of this essay topic was determined by the desire to understand which family depicted in the novel “War and Peace” can be considered ideal.

The purpose of this work is to determine which family in the novel “War and Peace” is the best, ideal.

Analyzing the literature on the topic of the abstract, we can identify several main sources, based on which our activities were carried out.

S.G. Bocharov in his book “Roman L.N. Tolstoy’s “War and Peace” writes that family in the life and work of L.N. Tolstoy played an important role. It is the family that makes a person a person and educates him morally.

L.A. Smirnova in her book “Russian Literature of the 18th-19th Century” compares family relationships in the novel “War and Peace” and concludes that the ideal of a family, according to Tolstoy, is the family of Natasha and Pierre.

The abstract consists of an introduction, 6 chapters of the main part, a conclusion and a list of references.

II. The ideal of family in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”

1) The atmosphere of the family world in the novel

The makeup of a person’s psychology, his views and fate, according to Tolstoy, are largely determined by his family environment and tribal traditions, which constitute a kind of soil for him. And it is not surprising that many chapters of the epic novel are devoted to the home life of the heroes, their way of life, and intra-family relationships. Although Tolstoy sometimes depicts discord between people who are closely related (the strained relationship between Princess Marya and her father during the time they lived in Moscow; the alienation between Nikolai and his mother because of his intention to marry Sonya), the main thing in the family episodes of War and Peace is genuineness. live communication between people who are dear and close to each other. Throughout the novel, the family world opposes, as a kind of active force, extra-family discord and alienation. This is the harsh harmony of the orderly, strict way of life of the Lysogorsk house, and the poetry of warmth that reigns in the Rostov house with its everyday life and holidays (remember the hunt and Christmastide, which form the center of the fourth part of the second volume). The Rostov family relations are by no means patriarchal. Here everyone is equal, everyone has the opportunity to express themselves, intervene in what is happening, and act initiatively.

A family, according to Tolstoy, is a free-personal, non-hierarchical unity of people. This Rostov tradition is also inherited by the newly formed families discussed in the epilogue. The relationship between husband and wife in the novel is not regulated either by custom and usual etiquette, or by newly introduced rules. They are naturally installed anew each time. Natasha and Pierre are completely different from Nikolai and Marya: the right to the first vote is not predetermined by anything except the individual traits of people. Each family member freely and fully expresses his or her personality.

For Tolstoy's heroes, their “family” community and involvement in the family tradition, the traditions of their fathers and grandfathers, are indeed invaluable. When the French were about to approach Bogucharov, Princess Marya felt “obliged to think for herself with the thoughts of her father and brother”: “... whatever they would do now, she felt it necessary to do.” Detailed worries completely take possession of Nikolai Rostov during a difficult time for his family: he does not refuse the obligation to pay debts, since the memory of his father is sacred to him.

The family, according to Tolstoy, is not a clan closed in on itself, not isolated from everything around it, patriarchally ordered and existing over a number of generations (monastic isolation is most alien to it), but uniquely individual “cells”, renewed as generations change, always having their age. In War and Peace, families are subject to qualitative changes, sometimes quite significant ones.

In crisis circumstances (if life demands it), the heroes of the novel are ready not only to sacrifice their family property (the Rostov carts, intended for removing things, were given to the wounded), but also to put themselves and loved ones in danger. The Bolkonskys perceive service in the army of Prince Andrei as a severe necessity; the Rostovs perceive Petya’s departure to war. By participating in the St. Petersburg apposition to the government, Pierre deliberately faces a most serious test for himself and his family.

A wide range of extra-family connections are involved in the peaceful life of the Bolkonskys and Rostovs. Trips to neighbors, receiving guests, long stays in the homes of relatives and friends, going out into the world - all this is organically part of the “ordinary” nature of the Rostov family. The everyday life of a Rostov house (both Moscow and Otradnensky) is unthinkable without live contacts between the gentlemen and the servants.

In the home life of Tolstoy's heroes there is a place for discussion of “general” problems, moral and philosophical reflections, and disputes on military and political topics. A similar “tone” in the Bolkonsky family is set by Nikolai Andreevich, who, despite the fact that he is constantly in Bald Mountains, knows the “state of affairs” in Russia and Europe better than many residents of the capital. One can recall the discussions about the war in the Rostov house, and Pierre’s philosophical conversation with Andrei Bolkonsky in Bogucharovo. An inquisitive, searching, anxious thought, an endless moral search, so characteristic of the Bolkonsky family, also appears in the epilogue: Countess Marya keeps a diary, recording her thoughts about raising children. Inconspicuously and naturally, arose in Bald Mountains in 1820. A dispute, in the traditions of the Bolkonskys, about modern Russia, about its future paths of development. The moral and philosophical thoughts of Countess Marya and the civic inspiration of Pierre naturally

Sections: Literature

Target: consider the role of the family in Tolstoy’s understanding and at the modern level.

Know: Tolstoy’s ideal (patriarchal family: care of the elders for the younger, the younger for the elders, the ability of everyone to give more than to take, relationships built on mutual understanding, respect, on “good” and “truth”). Family traits at the present stage.

Be able to: reason, draw conclusions, generalizations, speak on behalf of the hero, retell close to the text.

Equipment, visibility: portrait of the writer, epigraph, drawings by students, illustrations for the novel, “advice from a psychologist”

Homework: written answer to a question, preparation for an essay.

During the classes

What does a person need to be happy?
Quiet family life...with the opportunity to do good to people

I.Organizational moment.(The group is divided into “small” subgroups representing the Rostov, Bolkonsky, and Kuragin families.)

II. The teacher's word.

– Today the lesson will be as close to life as possible. After all, its topic concerns each of us and cannot leave anyone indifferent. (Recording the topic.)

– We will look at the family relationships of the characters in the novel from Tolstoy’s point of view and talk about the modern understanding of family. A psychology teacher will help us. The main idea in Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” along with “folk thought,” was “family thought.” The writer believes that the family is the basis of the entire society, and the processes that occur in society are reflected in it. The baby comes into the new world neither good nor bad, looking like a white sheet of paper.
– What do you think it depends on, what it should be like?
(He will be the way his parents raise him.)
– Remember the heroes of literary works, the formation of which was influenced by the family atmosphere. (Oblomov was not born apathetic and lazy, life in Oblomovka made him so; Judushka Golovlev and the entire family died under the influence of a deadening, soul-corroding family environment).
– The sages said: “A person can have three troubles: bad health, bad children and bad old age.” A person is not guaranteed against the first disaster, but there is a guarantee against bad children and bad old age if you raise your children correctly. The great Tolstoy is sure that goodness needs to be nurtured and created in the family. “People are like rivers: each has its own source, its own channel. This source is home, family, traditions and ways of life.”
– How do Tolstoy the philosopher express his thoughts about family? (In his diaries, the writer writes: “If a person does not have hostile inclinations, then it is clear that good and evil depend on education, it is clear that science in general and philosophy in particular are not only not useless, but even necessary, and not only for Socrates , but for everyone.”)

Entry: “The desire to learn and the curiosity of children must be encouraged at an early age; it is necessary to teach a child in the family as early as possible to be content with little, to make the principle of “giving more than taking” the norm of life.

– Do you agree with these thoughts of Tolstoy? What do you think about it?
– The novel “War and Peace” is a reflection of the breadth of the writer’s worldview, because we find many similar features in Tolstoy’s favorite heroes, the prototypes of which were members of the writer’s family and his wife Sofia Andreevna. These heroes go through a certain path of ideological and spiritual development; through trial and error, they try to find their place in life and realize their purpose. They are shown against the backdrop of family relationships. Following the traditions of realism, Tolstoy wanted to compare with each other the various families that were typical of his era. Using the antithesis technique, some families were shown to be developing, others – frozen.
– Name the families that are described in the novel. Which of the heroes bears any traits of the Tolstoy family?
– All families in the novel are subjected to basic tests: social life, love, war. Which families does Tolstoy sympathize with and why? (Favorite heroes emerge from them.)
– Why does he like the Rostov family? Read out the portrait characteristics of the characters from the text or the author’s commentary. Let me introduce you to the Rostov family: Ilya Andreevich Rostov, Countess, Nikolai Rostov, Petya, Sonya, Natasha. Marya Dmitrievna Akhrosimova joined them. Let's listen to the head of the family.

Count Rostov: We are simple people, we don’t know how to save or increase. I am always glad to have guests. My wife even complains sometimes: they say the visitors tortured me. And I love everyone, everyone is cute. We have a big, friendly family, I have always dreamed of one, I am attached to my wife and children with all my heart. In our family, it is not customary to hide feelings: if we are sad, we cry, if we are happy, we laugh. If you want to dance, please.

Countess Rostova: I want to add to my husband’s words that in our family there is one main feature that binds everyone together - love. Love and trust, because “only the heart is vigilant.” We are all attentive to each other.

(Sketch.)

(Natasha runs into the room.)

Count (jumped up, spreading his arms wide): Here she is, the birthday girl! Ma Cher, birthday girl, gunpowder girl!

Countess (condemning): Honey, there is time for everything. (To the Count) You're spoiling her.

Marya Dmitrievna: Ma Cher, my dear, congratulations to you. What a lovely child! (gives earrings, Natasha spins around and tries them on).

Natasha (runs up to her mother, shows the doll): See, the doll... Mimi... See...

(Natasha laughs loudly.)

Countess: Well, go, go! Sit down, Natasha, calm down.

Natasha: Can I say that too? Mama and I have the same names. We all love her very much, she is our moral ideal. Our parents were able to instill sincerity and naturalness in us. I am very grateful to them for the fact that they are always ready to understand, forgive, and help in the most difficult moments of life. And there will be many more such situations. Mommy is my best friend, I can’t sleep until I tell her all my secrets and worries.

Teacher: Guys, what difficult situations is Natasha talking about? (Passion for Anatole Kuragin. Anatole is a symbol of freedom for Natasha from the restrictions of the patriarchal world, from the boundaries of what is permitted. She is open, sincerely mistaking passion for love.)

– Why then didn’t Tolstoy connect Natusha and Andrei? (The straightforward and proud Bolkonskys are not at all like the cozy and homely Rostovs. They are not able to connect their lives: after all, even when they loved, they could not fully understand each other. Therefore, according to Tolstoy, the unity of these two families is possible only between the most uncharacteristic representatives families.)

Nikolai: Even now I am ashamed to remember that act. I lost 40 thousand rubles to Dolokhov. It was a complete ruin for the family, but I didn’t hear a word of reproach. We are always ready to support each other, especially when trouble comes to the house. It was especially hard for Mama after Petya’s death. Everyone suffered, but tried to warm each other with love.

Akhrosimova: Well, then I’ll tell you. I know this family well. They have the talent of life. They, like children, enjoy nature, dress up for Christmas, go on visits, and love music. Such sincerity in a noble landed family is rare. In my opinion, the main features of this family are honesty, decency, intuition and life of the heart.

Teacher: Let's write down in a notebook those main features of the Rostov family that have already been named.

Type of notebook entry:

Teacher: Well, what does Tolstoy say about the Bolkonsky family? Read excerpts from the text. Introducing the Bolkonsky family: Nikolai Andreevich, Princess Marya, Prince Andrei.

Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky: I have firmly established views on the family. I went through a harsh military school and believe that there are two sources of human vices: idleness and superstition, and only two virtues: activity and intelligence. I was always involved in raising my daughter myself, in order to develop these virtues, I gave lessons in algebra and geometry. The main condition of life is order. I don’t deny that I am sometimes harsh, overly demanding, sometimes I arouse fear and respect, but how could it be otherwise? I served my homeland honestly and would not tolerate betrayal. And if it were my son, it would be doubly painful for me, an old man. I passed on patriotism and pride to my children.

Princess Marya: Of course, I am shy in front of my father and am a little afraid of him. I live mainly by reason. I never show my feelings. True, they say that my eyes betray excitement or love. This was especially noticeable after meeting Nikolai. In my opinion, what we have in common with the Rostovs is a common feeling of love for our homeland. In a moment of danger, we are ready to sacrifice everything. Nikolai and I will cultivate pride, courage, fortitude, as well as kindness and love in our children. I will be demanding of them, just as my father was demanding of me.

Prince Andrey: I tried not to let my father down. He managed to instill in me a high concept of honor and duty. I once dreamed of personal glory, but never achieved it. In the Battle of Shengraben, I looked at many things with different eyes. I was especially offended by the behavior of our command in relation to the real hero of the battle, Captain Tushin. After Austerlitz, he reconsidered his worldview and was disappointed in many ways. Natasha “breathed life” into me, but, unfortunately, I never managed to become her husband. If we had a family, I would instill in my children kindness, honesty, decency, and love for their homeland.

Teacher: Complete the table with information indicating the distinctive features of the Bolkonsky family. (High spirituality, pride, direct honor, natural, sincere love, hidden under the mask of coldness, honor, duty, activity, intelligence.)

Both father and son Bolkonsky passed the test of war, which required the greatest strain of spiritual strength. The Patriotic War revealed the main features of each family. The Kuragin family remained selfish, immoral, and selfish throughout the war.

– Let’s ask Prince Kuragin to tell us about his family.

Prince Vasily: I don’t have even an ounce of parental love, and I don’t need it. I think all this is unnecessary. The main thing is material well-being, position in the world. Didn't I try to make my children happy? Helen married the richest groom in Moscow, Count Pierre Bezukhov, assigned Hippolyte to the diplomatic corps, and almost married Anatole to Princess Marya. To achieve goals, all means are good.

Helen: I don’t understand your lofty words about love, honor, kindness at all. Anatoly, Ippolit, and I always lived in our pleasure. It is important to satisfy your desires and needs, even at the expense of others. Why should I be tormented by remorse if I managed to betray this mattress with Dolokhov? I am always right in everything.

– Do you agree with Helen and Prince Vasily? Which family do you find closest? Why, according to Tolstoy, does the Kuragin family have no right to exist? What is the fate of the family members? Do they have children?

(The external beauty of the Kuragins replaces the spiritual one. There are many human vices in this family. Helen ridicules Pierre’s desire to have children. Children, in her understanding, are a burden that interferes with life. According to Tolstoy, the worst thing for a woman is the absence of children. A woman’s purpose is to become good mother, wife.)

– What other families can the Kuragin family be compared with? (Vera and Berg, the Drubetskys. The Bergs imitate others. Their motto: like others. This family will be given children, but they will certainly be moral cripples.)

– Are there ideal families? (According to Tolstoy, the family of Natasha and Pierre is idyllic, this is the people's ideal of a family, based on mutual trust and submission. Pierre did only what Natasha gave consent to. Natasha obeyed the slightest desire of Pierre. Natasha's whole world is in the family, in the children, in husband. According to Tolstoy, she should have no other interests.)

– Do you agree with this opinion? What is your understanding of family at the modern level?

(A psychologist’s story about the psychology of family relationships, about love, statistics, questionnaires.)

Previously, essays were written by students, where they spoke about their future families “What kind of family do I imagine”

“My husband will be handsome, not necessarily rich, whatever I love. His position doesn't matter. I really want us to have a friendly family.”

“I want a simple, ordinary family, good friends, a loving husband and a job. I want to live with my mother-in-law so that she can teach me everything. I will respect and love her. I want to get married early,” etc.

- Let's finish filling out our sign. What features of a modern family can you identify?

Psychologist's advice for a happy family life.

1. Rudeness is a malignant tumor that devours love. Be polite and gentle in your dealings with your husband.
2. Flowers are the language of love. Do you want to maintain a happy family life? Show a little attention every day.
3. There is no need to try to radically change your husband, remember: to succeed in a happy family life you need to be a suitable husband or wife.
4. In no case do not find fault with trifles. Findings, attacks, reproaches, like cobra bites, always destroy and kill.
5. Do not fruitlessly criticize your wife or husband, especially in the presence of others. One of the reasons for divorces is senseless criticism that breaks hearts into pieces.
6. Never withhold sincere gratitude from your wife or husband. Remember: for a wife to find happiness in her husband, he must show his true devotion.
7. True relationship is one of the needs to be satisfied in married life, but if that relationship is not okay, nothing else will be okay.
   Consideration of the situation: “Young spouses. The couple breaks up. How will they behave at this moment?”

Teacher: Many years have passed since the appearance of L.N. Tolstoy’s novel, but the main values ​​of the family: love, trust, mutual understanding, honor, decency, patriotism remain the main moral values. Rozhdestvensky said: “It all starts with love.” Dostoevsky said: “Man is not born for happiness and deserves it through suffering.”

Introduction

Leo Tolstoy is one of the greatest prose writers of the 19th century, the “golden age” of Russian literature. His works have been read all over the world for two centuries, because these amazingly lively and vivid verbal canvases not only entertain the reader, but make them think about many important questions for humans - and provide answers to some of them. A striking example of this is the pinnacle of the writer’s creativity, the epic novel “War and Peace,” in which Tolstoy touches on topics that are pressing for every thinking person. The theme of family in Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” is very important, as well as for the author himself. This is why Tolstoy’s heroes are almost never alone.

The text most fully reveals the structure and relationships of three completely different families: the Rostovs, the Bolkonskys and the Kuragins - of which the first two mostly correspond to the author’s own opinion on this issue.

Rostovs, or the great power of love

The head of the large Rostov family, Ilya Andreevich is a Moscow nobleman, a very kind, generous and trusting person, adores his wife and children. Due to his extreme spiritual simplicity, he does not know how to run a household at all, so the family is on the verge of ruin. But Rostov Sr. cannot deny anything to his household: he leads a luxurious life, pays off his son’s debts.

The Rostovs are very kind, always ready to help, sincere and sympathetic, so they have many friends. It is not surprising that it was in this family that a true patriot of the Motherland, Petya Rostov, grew up. The Rostov family is not at all characterized by authoritarianism: here children respect their parents, and parents respect their children. That is why Natasha was able to persuade her parents to take out not valuables from besieged Moscow, but wounded soldiers. The Rostovs chose to remain penniless rather than violate the laws of honor, conscience and compassion. In the images of the Rostov family, Tolstoy embodied his own ideas about the ideal family nest, about the unbreakable connection of a real Russian family. Isn't this the best illustration that can show how great the role of the family is in War and Peace?

The “fruit” of such love, such a highly moral upbringing is beautiful - this is Natasha Rostova. She absorbed the best qualities of her parents: from her father she took kindness and breadth of nature, the desire to make the whole world happy, and from her mother she took caring and thriftiness. One of Natasha’s most important qualities is naturalness. She is not able to play a role, live according to secular laws, her behavior does not depend on the opinions of others. This is a girl with an open soul, an extrovert, capable of completely and completely surrendering to love for all people in general and for her soulmate. She is the ideal woman from Tolstoy's point of view. And this ideal was brought up by an ideal family.

Another representative of the younger generation of the Rostov family, Nikolai, is not distinguished by either the depth of his mind or the breadth of his soul, but he is a simple, honest and decent young man.

The “ugly duckling” of the Rostov family, Vera, chose a completely different path for herself - the path of selfishness. Having married Berg, she created a family that was not like either the Rostovs or the Bolkonskys. This unit of society is based on external gloss and a thirst for enrichment. Such a family, according to Tolstoy, cannot become the foundation of society. Why? Because there is nothing spiritual in such relationships. This is the path of separation and degradation that leads to nowhere.

Bolkonsky: duty, honor and reason

The Bolkonsky family, serving nobles, is somewhat different. Each of the members of this family is a remarkable personality, talented, integral and spiritual. This is a family of strong people. The head of the family, Prince Nikolai, is a man of an extremely harsh and quarrelsome character, but not cruel. Therefore, even his own children respect and fear him. Most of all, the old prince values ​​smart and active people, and therefore tries to instill such qualities in his daughter. Andrei Bolkonsky inherited nobility, sharpness of mind, pride and independence from his father. Son and father Bolkonsky are well-rounded, intelligent and strong-willed people. Andrei is one of the most complex characters in the novel. From the first chapters of the epic until the end of his life, this person goes through a complex spiritual evolution, trying to comprehend the meaning of life and find his calling. The theme of family in “War and Peace” is revealed in its entirety at the end of Andrei’s life, when he finally understands that only a family man surrounded by people dear to his heart can become happy.

Andrei's sister, Princess Marya Bolkonskaya, is shown in the novel as an absolutely intact person physically, psychologically and morally. A girl who is not distinguished by physical beauty lives in constant anticipation of quiet family happiness. This is a boat filled with love and care, waiting for a patient and skillful captain. This smart, romantic and extremely religious girl obediently endures all her father’s rudeness, never for a moment ceasing to love him deeply and sincerely.

Thus, the younger generation of the Bolkonsky family inherited all the best qualities of the old prince, leaving only his rudeness, imperiousness and intolerance unnoticed. Therefore, Andrei and Marya are able to truly love people, which means they are able to develop as individuals, climb the spiritual ladder - to the ideal, to the light, to God. That is why the war and peace of the Bolkonsky family are so difficult for most of their contemporaries to understand, which is why neither Maria nor Andrei like social life.

Kuragins, or the abomination of empty egoism

The Kuragin family is directly opposite to the two previous families. The head of the family, Prince Vasily, hides behind an external gloss the rotten nature of a greedy, thoroughly false brute. For him, the main thing is money and social status. His children, Helen, Anatole and Hippolyte, are in no way inferior to their father: outwardly attractive, superficially intelligent and socially successful young people are in fact empty, albeit beautiful, vessels. Behind their own egoism and thirst for profit, they do not see the spiritual world - or do not want to see. In general, the Kuragin family are vile toads, dressed in lace and hung with jewelry; they sit in a dirty swamp and croak contentedly, not seeing the beautiful endless sky above their heads. For Tolstoy, this family is the personification of the world of the “secular rabble,” which the author himself despised with all his soul.

conclusions

Concluding the essay “The Theme of Family in the Novel War and Peace,” I want to note that this theme is one of the main ones in the text. This thread runs through the fates of almost all the characters in the work. The reader can observe in action the cause-and-effect relationship between upbringing, the atmosphere in the parental home, the future fate of a matured person - and his influence on the world.

Work test

Teacher of Russian language and literature MBOU “Secondary school No. 48 named after. R.M. Kamenev" Kursk.

The purpose of the lesson: show that L.N. Tolstoy, in his epic novel War and Peace, affirms eternal values ​​- the patriarchal family with relationships built on “goodness and truth” - as the basis of human life.

Tasks:

– based on the novel by L.N. Tolstoy’s “War and Peace” to reveal the theme “The author’s ideal of family in the novel”, using elements of analysis of the means of creating images of heroes; through a comparative description of two generations, to identify the author’s view on the topic of family;

– develop students’ research skills: the ability to analyze, highlight the main points, compare, pose and solve problems.

– to form students’ own family ideal.

Equipment: portrait of L.N. Tolstoy, the text of the epic novel “War and Peace”, video fragments of the film adaptation of the novel “War and Peace”, multimedia presentation, cards depicting the heroes of the novel, family tree template.

Educational technology used: pedagogical workshop.

Epigraph for the lesson:“What does it take to be happy? Quiet family life... with the opportunity to do good to people” (L.N. Tolstoy).

During the classes

Stage 1 – induction . introductionteachers.

Good afternoon Today we have gathered here to go to a creative workshop on the pages of one of the novels of Russian literature and to write a psychological portrait of the heroes of this novel.

Since ancient times, a separate tree has been especially perceived in the popular consciousness. To our distant ancestors, the tree resembled a person. Its trunk seemed like a body, its roots like its legs, its crown like its head, its branches like its arms. Like a person, it grew and matured, grew old and died.

A particular perception of wood can be found in the Bible. On its very first pages, two trees of the Garden of Eden are mentioned: the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. “And the Lord God made from the ground every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, and the tree of life in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.” The fruits of the first give immortality; the tree here means faith. The second tree is called upon to test this faith. It reminds us that a person can choose both the path of good and the path of evil in his life. This is what a believer thinks about when he sees an image of a tree on an icon.

Let us also recall the family tree of the Russian tsars; their lives are a story that has its roots in the distant past, but allows us to give our assessment of the time and events of which they were the personification.

Reflection of actions, their assessment can be found not only in history, but also in literature. Literature, like a mirror, reflects history, but only refracted through the prism of spirituality.

I ask you to turn your attention to the screen, where an episode of a novel of Russian literature will be presented, which, in my opinion, is one of the roots of Russian national culture.

Screen adaptation of the episode “Natasha Rostova’s First Ball.”

2nd stage – little publicity.

1. Tell me, what episode of a literary work was presented on the screen?

(novel “War and Peace”, episode “Natasha Rostova’s First Ball”).

2.Who are these heroes? (Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky)

Teacher's word.

The choice of this episode is not accidental - it brings to life heroes who personify honor, love for the Fatherland, duty to the Fatherland - on the one hand, hospitality, cordiality, openness - on the other. It is these qualities that form the basis of the author’s ideal of family.

Each family in the novel has its own history, is proud of its family and traditions.

I would like to note that this is not only a portrait of a hero, where his features are depicted beautifully or not, but this is also that inner world, those values ​​that go from father to son, those moral standards that go from generation to generation, are absorbed with mother’s milk .

– You recognized the work we will work with and saw the students’ work. Tell me, what do you think the task is? What will be the result of the workshop? (compiling a family tree)

– Compiling a family tree is not an end in itself; it is more important to understand the moral character of the family, those moral qualities that form the basis of the author’s ideal of the family?

Stage 4 – socio-construction (at this stage, cards with illustrations of the heroes of the novel are distributed).

Teacher's word. L.N. Tolstoy, a subtle researcher of the human soul, said: “People are like rivers: each has its own channel, its own source.” This source is the home, family, its traditions, way of life. The world of family is the most important component of the novel.

In order to achieve the goal of our educational lesson, we will go to a creative workshop to study the novel “War and Peace”.

So, we go to the family estate of the Bolkonsky family - Bald Mountains.

When working with the text of the novel, you will receive cards that will form the basis of the family tree at the next stage of our lesson, in order to record the knowledge gained, you fill out the worksheets, lying on your tables.

A story about the family tree in the dining room of the Bolkonsky house.

Bolkonsky family.

Work on the episode “On the Bolkonsky estate Bald Mountains” (vol. I, part 1, chapters 22-25).

Conversation on questions:

1.Which of the novel’s heroes can be represented among the fruits of this tree?

2. Find “portraits” of Marya Bolkonskaya, Andrei, the old prince. What makes Tolstoy stand out in the appearance of his characters and their behavior? (short stature, “dry” features, amazing eyes – “radiant”, like Marya’s, “beautiful”, like Prince Andrei’s, “smart”, like the old prince’s. Restraint, respect in behavior and attitude towards each other)

- ON THE. Bolkonsky;

– Princess Marya;

– Andrey Bolkonsky;

– Little Princess Lisa Bolkonskaya (working with the card: comparative analysis);

- Nikolenka Bolkonsky;

– Nikolay Rostov;

– Children of Marya Bolkonskaya and Nikolai Rostov.

3. In your opinion, the most striking details are in the depiction of the internal and external appearance of the Bolkonskys (the scene of farewell to their son, farewell to their sister, Marya and Burien).

4. How will Princess Marya embody her father’s ideal of a family?

Conclusion: The distinctive features of the Bolkonskys are spirituality, intelligence, independence, nobility, high ideas of honor and duty. The old prince, formerly a nobleman of Catherine, a friend of Kutuzov, is a statesman. He, serving Catherine, served Russia. Nikolai Andreevich, proud of his son’s intelligence and his daughter’s spiritual world, knows that in their family between Marya and Andrey there is not only complete mutual understanding, but also sincere friendship based on unity of views and thoughts. Relationships in this family are not built on the principle of equality, but they are full of care and love, only hidden. The Bolkonskys are all very reserved. This is an example of a genuine family. They are characterized by high spirituality, true beauty, pride, sacrifice and respect for other people's feelings.

Working with a table (correlating the hero and character traits).

To consolidate the material covered, I propose to once again repeat the moral qualities of the Bolkonsky family.

The 5th stage of the workshop is socialization.

Teacher's word. Now you will have to make a family tree of the Bolkonsky family from the cards, using the knowledge you have acquired.

(Students perform group creative work based on the accumulated material. They independently build their visual image, formed during this lesson, using cards with illustrations received at the previous stage.
Thus, the studied material is consolidated through activities associated with creativity).

Stage 6 – big publicity. Hanging “works” - creative works of students in the classroom and familiarizing with them.

Stage 7 – soft correction stage . The teacher shares his work, shows students his vision of the topic and ideas of the lesson - presents the creative work as an example.

8th stage – master's project. The projects of students and teachers are compared, similarities and differences are noted (erroneous judgments and conclusions are gently corrected).

Stage 9 – break. This is the internal awareness by the participants of the workshop of the incompleteness or inconsistency of their old knowledge with the new, this is an internal emotional conflict that encourages them to deepen the problem, search for answers, and compare new knowledge with literary sources.

– Tell me, what other noble families are represented in the novel?

– How are the houses of the Bolkonskys and Rostovs similar?

Teacher's word. Against the background of the characteristics of the Rostovs and Bolkonskys, the relationships in the Kuragin family will sound in contrast.

Now I suggest you turn your attention to the screen (working with the Rostov and Kuragin tree).

Actually, the Bolkonskys and Rostovs are more than families, they are entire ways of life, each of which is covered in its own poetry. Simple and so deep for the author of “War and Peace” family happiness, the same one that the Rostovs and Bolkonskys know, it is natural and familiar to them. This family happiness will not be given to the Kuragin family, where an atmosphere of general calculation and lack of spirituality reigns. The immorality allowed in the Kuragin family becomes the norm of their life. There is no place for sincerity and decency in this house.
Pierre said very accurately about the false Kuragin family: “Oh, vile, heartless breed!”

The last stage is reflection. Reflection of feelings, sensations, associations that arose among the workshop participants during the work. There is a joint discussion of the results of the lesson and the mood that remains after it.

Grading.

Homework.

Final words from the teacher.

Student worksheet