While general. Sentences with conjunctions while, while, whereas
§ 3100. The comparison, formalized by the conjunctions while, while, whereas, is based on emphasizing the differences between situations that are similar in one way or another. The listed conjunctions differ semantically, as well as in the possibilities of division; their comparative meaning is abstracted to varying degrees from the temporal meaning present in the semantics of the conjunctions themselves.
§ 3101. Sentences with the conjunction while can express the actual comparison (1) and comparison against the background of the meaning of simultaneity (2).
1) In the actual comparison, the dissimilarity in the semantics of the conjunction is emphasized: the combination at that time acts as an unaccentuated, grammaticalized part of the conjunction.
The living word is rich and generous. It has many shades, while the word term has only one single meaning and no shades (Marshak); Astrov is ironic and grins, while Voinitsky is indignant, rebels, and cries (V. Ermilov); The lieutenant colonel was undoubtedly a soldier, while the captain was undoubtedly a scout (Simon.); While in order to sterilize a wound we need to resort to iodine, potassium permanganate, boric acid, or at least boiled water, a wounded tree leaf surrounds itself with a sterile zone (Soloukh.).
In such constructions, the conjunction while acts as a synonym for the comparative conjunction if - then, correlative with the coordinating conjunction a (see § 3096).
When emphasizing the difference, the adversative or concessive connotation of meaning can be contextually reinforced.
It was surprising that we still had not reached the crossing point, while everything spoke of its proximity (M. Sib.); A gambling person only looks like a strong-willed person; he imagines himself to be the master of the situation, while he is only a toy in the hands of other people (A. Kron); The poet's lyrics grew primarily on the moral categories of goodness, love, and duty, interpreted in the abstract, while reality demanded from the poet an open and unwavering response to what she lived by (journal).
Such constructions are correlative with sentences formalized by the conjunction but or concessive: He imagines himself to be the master of the situation, but (although) he is only a toy in the hands of other people.
2) When compared in combination with simultaneity, the union while being dismembered; component at that time in its composition can be accentuated. Under these conditions, the comparative meaning of constructions is accompanied by information about simultaneity.
You are talking about theoretical assumptions, while I am talking to you about facts, about simple facts (Hertz.); While it is cloudy and damp on the seashore, in the mountains it is clear, dry and warm (V. Arsenyev); She was still a small and fragile girl, while Vova had already grown one hundred and seventy-five centimeters in height (V. Dragunsky); I stood dumbfounded on the bench, while everyone jumped up from their seats, pushed and shouted (Trif.).
For sentences with a conjunction while with actual temporary relations, see § 2989.
§ 3102. Sentences with the conjunction between (obsolete and poetic, meanwhile) express 1) a comparison in which the temporal contact of situations is not emphasized, or 2) a comparison that includes the moment of simultaneity.
1) He constantly moved, moved his shoulders..., blinked, coughed and moved his fingers, while his son was distinguished by a kind of careless immobility (Turg.); The hut seems to grow into the ground, while slender and proud pines shake their heads high above it (Korol.); After Pushkin and Lermontov, Nekrasov did not follow them, but created his own poetry, his own rhythms, his own harmonies, his own tone - while Alexei Tolstoy, and Maikov, and Polonsky created under the influence of Pushkin (Bunin).
2) While she was preparing everything needed for breakfast with tears, Bulba was giving out his orders (Gogol); While Levin was writing his, Kitty was thinking about how unnaturally attentive her husband was to the young Prince Charsky (L. Tolst.); Along the banks, green burdock, captured by the water, stretched out of it, anxiously waving its tops that had not yet sunk, while a few steps away at great depths both the burdock, and the mother-stepmother, and all the green brethren stood resignedly and quietly (Korol.); A flock of stitches scatters under a hand as pale as a moon, while, shaking the glass, Nordost bursts into anger (Bagr.); It seemed that he fell asleep to the sound of numbers, Meanwhile, above, in tart amber, the most tested clocks on the air are rearranged, checking in the heat (Pastern.).
Both types of comparison can be combined with a contextually revealed adversative or concessional meaning: Having met Gapka, Ivan Ivanovich began to scold why she was wandering around doing nothing, while she was dragging cereal into the kitchen (Gogol); “That’s enough,” I said to myself, while my feet, reluctantly stepping along the steep slope of the mountain, carried me down to the quiet river (Turg.).
Note. In the 19th century the union, meanwhile, was used in its actual temporary meaning: Gerasim remained motionless, crossing his powerful arms on Mumu’s back, while the boat was carried little by little by the wave back to the city (Turg.).
§ 3103. In sentences with a conjunction, then, comparison can be expressed in abstraction from the temporal meaning of simultaneity (1) or in combination with this meaning (2).
1) Moreover, she can read and write, while Marya Porfiryevna is completely illiterate (S.Sh.); A critic knows how to look and see the beautiful, while a petty critic sees only the bad and ignores the good (Stanisl.); The grandfather tries in every possible way to humiliate him, while all the other adults carefully elevate him (Gorky); The taiga landscape is oppressive, while in the forests near Moscow a person always feels like a master (Prishv.).
2) A book was open on the table in front of her, but her eyes, motionless and full of inexplicable sadness, seemed to be skimming the same page for the hundredth time, while her thoughts were far away (Lerm.); Merging with each other, the clouds covered the entire sky from behind, while in front it was still clear (Gorky).
For constructions with a conjunction, while the contamination of the proper comparative and comparative tense meaning with the concessive component is characteristic:
These articles... are called polemical, while there is not even a shadow of polemic in them (V. Belinsky); I am ashamed to remember with what a loud, piercing, even a little desperate voice I shouted again: “Coachman!”, while he was two steps away from me (L. Tolst.); He never praised me, rarely talked about my appearance, while I was always too busy with myself and cared a lot about my appearance (T. Kuzminskaya); The hunter could not stand it: he shot at the beast at sixty paces, when he should have let the beast go at ten fifteen paces (Bianchi).
Compared to the conjunctions while and meanwhile as in the conjunction while the actual comparative meaning is abstracted to the greatest extent from the meaning of the temporary. The use of this conjunction not as a comparative, but to denote simultaneity is noted in the language of writers of the 19th century: - Dear brother! - she said, gently pressing his head to her chest, while tears suddenly watered her face (Ven.).
§ 3104. As an equivalent to the comparative conjunctions while, while, while, the conjunction when can be used:
And we hate, and we love by chance, Without sacrificing anything, neither malice nor love, And some kind of secret cold reigns in the soul, When fire boils in the blood (Lerm.); It seemed strange to her that act after act she could sit completely motionless, when everything inside her was churned up by streams of movement and her eyes were stinging from the hot rush of blood (Fed.); [The people] are rich and wise, despite the obvious poverty of knowledge of its individual representatives. Therefore, he remains immortal when even his best sons die (Soloukh.).
In such sentences, as well as in other constructions with a comparative meaning, a concessive connotation can be contextually accentuated.
Do you really want to charge me for a whole year when I haven’t even lived with you for two weeks? - Oblomov interrupted him (Gonch.); I... am exhausted by daily visits with requests for help, when I myself barely have enough for black bread (Bunin); I was very interested in why girls had to sew on live thread, when in other cases they were blamed for such sewing (Lesk.).
In the presence of a concessional meaning, conditions are created for the non-distinction of conjunctions when, if, although and once. This neutralization of their meanings is especially typical for sentences that take the form of a question, often rhetorical: Why don’t you go after the brunette when you liked her so much? (Gogol); Who, in fact, would seriously think of making a date at night, far outside the city, in a cemetery, when it can easily be arranged on the street in a city garden? (Czech.).
The rule for placing a comma in a complex sentence with a compound subordinating conjunction(due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, in order to, in order that, while, because, because, despite the fact that, after, before, before, etc.)
If the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause using a complex (compound) subordinating conjunction, then the place of the comma is often determined by the writer himself, depending on the specific purposes of the statement. You can write “He liked her, because was very beautiful" (emphasis on the result) or "He liked her because she was very beautiful” (emphasis on the reason).
When a conjunction is divided, its first part becomes an indicative word included in the main part of a complex sentence as one of its members (as a rule, circumstances), and the subordinate clause acquires a clarifying character: Her face was shiny (for what reason?) that's why(why exactly?) , What she recently washed her face with soap (M. Sholokhov). (Wed. Her face was shiny (for what reason?), because of she recently washed her face with soap).
Some conjunctions, when broken into two parts, dramatically change their meaning, For example:
I fell So broke my knee (clause of consequence) - I fell So broke my knee (clause of action with a connotation of the degree of this quality);
He looked at her because he liked her (clause of reason) - He looked at her because if he liked her (clause of manner of action).
However, there are conditions that dictate the mandatory dismemberment/non-division of such a union.
Conditions for mandatory dismembermentcompositeunion:
1. The presence of a negative particle “not” before the conjunction, for example: He liked her not because was very beautiful.
2. The presence of intensifying, restrictive and other particles before the conjunction, for example: He liked her only(only, in particular, just, precisely, etc.) because was very beautiful.
3. The presence of an introductory word or introductory construction before the conjunction, for example: He liked her, apparently(probably, maybe, it seems, obviously, we need to think, I believe, etc.) , because was very beautiful.
4. Inclusion of the first part (indicative word) in a series of homogeneous members or parallel constructions, for example: He liked her because was very beautiful and even more so because had extraordinary charm.
Conditions for non-division of a compound union:
1. More often, a complex subordinating conjunction is not divided if the subordinate clause precedes the main one, for example:
As the snow in the pot turned gray and turned into a milky-cloudy liquid, Pavel added snow from a bucket (B. Okudzhava).
The indivisibility of the conjunction in this position is explained by the fact that the last part of the sentence is usually emphasized, while accents are rare at the beginning. Wed: As the sun rose, the day became warmer and cheerful (I. Bunin). — The noise died down as the news penetrated into all corners of the hall (L. Leonov).
2. Complex unions are not dissected whereas, while, for example:
Note: the possibility of dismembering the union while is revealed when updating the temporary meaning, especially when including the words just, yet, most, precisely: I asked my grandfather about this just at the time he swung his second felt boot (M. Prishvin). Such sentences are close to sentences with the conjunction when (at the time when): The mushrooms really begin to grow while, When rye shoots an ear (V. Tendryakov).
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<<…>> While some two poems included in the first two books of “Notes of the Fatherland” in 1839 aroused so much interest in Lermontov from the public, established his name as a poet with great hopes, Lermontov suddenly appears with the story “Bela”, written in prose. This surprised everyone all the more pleasantly as it further revealed the strength of the young talent and showed its diversity and versatility. In the story, Lermontov was the same creator as in his poems. From the first time it was possible to notice that this story did not come out of a desire to interest the public exclusively in its favorite type of literature, not out of blind imitation of doing what everyone else is doing, but from the same source from which his poems came - from deep creative a nature alien to any motives other than inspiration. Lyric poetry and the story of modern life are combined in one talent. Such a combination of apparently such opposite types of poetry is not uncommon in our time. Schiller and Goethe were lyricists, novelists and playwrights, although the lyrical element always remained dominant and predominant in them. Faust itself is a lyrical work in dramatic form. The poetry of our time is predominantly novel and drama; but lyricism still remains a common element of poetry, because it is a common element of the human spirit. Almost every poet begins with lyricism, just as every nation begins with it. Walter Scott himself switched to the novel from lyric poems. Only the literature of the North American States began with Cooper's novel, and this phenomenon is as strange as the society in which it occurred. Perhaps this is because North American literature is a continuation of English literature.
Our literature also presents a completely special phenomenon: we suddenly experience all the moments of European life that developed sequentially in the West. Only before Pushkin our poetry was predominantly lyrical. Pushkin did not limit himself to lyricism for long and soon moved on to the poem, and from it to drama. As a full representative of the spirit of his time, he also attempted a novel: the Sovremennik of 1837 contains six chapters (with the beginning of the seventh) from his unfinished novel entitled “Arap of Peter the Great”, of which the fourth chapter was originally published in “Northern Flowers” » 1829. Pushkin began writing stories in the last years of his unfinished life. However, it is obvious that his real genre was lyricism, the poetic story (poem) and drama, for his prosaic experiments are far from equal to his poetic ones. His best story, “The Captain's Daughter,” with all its enormous merits, cannot be compared with his poems and dramas. It is nothing more than an excellent work of fiction with poetic and even artistic details. His other stories, especially Belkin's Tale, belong exclusively to the field of fiction. Perhaps this is the reason that the novel, begun so long ago, was not finished. Lermontov is his equal in prose, as well as in poetry, and we are sure that, with the great development of his artistic activity, he will certainly reach drama. Our assumption is not arbitrary: it is based as much on the completeness of the dramatic movement noticeable in Lermontov’s stories, as well as on the spirit of the present time, which is especially favorable for the combination in one person of all forms of poetry. The last circumstance is very important, because the art of every nation has its own historical development, as a result of which the character and type of activity of the poet is determined. Perhaps Pushkin would have been as great a novelist as a lyricist and playwright if he had appeared later and had a predecessor similar to himself.
"Bela", containing the interest of a separate and complete story, at the same time was only an excerpt from a larger work, as well as "Fatalist" and "Taman", subsequently published in "Notes of the Fatherland". Now they appear, together with others, with “Maxim Maksimych”, “Preface to Pechorin’s Journal” and “Princess Mary”, under one general title “Hero of Our Time”. This general name is not a whim of the author; Likewise, the title should not imply that the stories contained in these two books were stories of some person on whom the author imposed the role of narrator. All stories have one thought, and this thought is expressed in one person, who is the hero of all stories. In “Bel” he is some kind of mysterious person. The heroine of this story is all in front of you, but the hero seems to appear under a fictitious name so as not to be recognized. Because of his relationship in “Bela,” you involuntarily guess about some other story, tempting, mysterious and gloomy. And so the author immediately shows it to you during a meeting with Maxim Maksimych, who told him the story about Bel. But your curiosity is not satisfied, but only more irritated, and the story of Bel still remains mysterious to you. Finally, in the hands of the author, Pechorin's journal, in the preface to which the author makes a hint at the idea of the novel, but a hint that only arouses your impatience to get to know the hero of the novel. In the highly poetic story “Taman,” the hero of the novel is an autobiographer, but this only makes the riddle more tempting, and the answer is not yet here. Finally, you move on to “Princess Mary”, and the fog clears, the mystery is solved, the main idea of the novel, like a bitter feeling that instantly takes possession of your entire being, pesters you and haunts you. You finally read “The Fatalist,” and although in this story Pechorin is not a hero, but only the narrator of an incident that he witnessed, although in him you do not find a single new feature that would complement your portrait of a “hero of our time,” but , strange affair! you understand him even more, you think about him more, and your feeling is even sadder and more woeful.<<…>>
If the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing its structure (usually this happens with conjunctions “and” and “but”), then the conjunction is not included in the introductory construction - a comma needed.
For example: “Firstly, it became dark, and, secondly, everyone was tired.”
If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then a comma after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction “a”) not placed.
For example: “She simply forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it,” “..., and therefore, …”, “..., and maybe …”, “..., and therefore, …”.
If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then a comma needed after the conjunction “a”, since it is not associated with the introductory word.
For example: “She not only didn’t love him, but maybe even despised him.”
If at the beginning of the sentence there is a coordinating conjunction (in the connecting meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “too”, “also”, “and that”, “and that”, “yes and”, “ and also”, etc.), and then an introductory word, then a comma before it need not.
For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done that”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “And finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances have come to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”
Happens rarely: if at the beginning of a sentence worth the connecting union, A the introductory construction stands out intonationally, then commas are NEEDED.
For example: “But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin decisively announced...”; “And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing.”
Always written WITHOUT commas:
Firstly
at first sight
for sure
similarly
More or less
literally
in addition
in the (eventual) end
in the end
as a last resort
best case scenario
Anyway
at the same time
overall
mostly
especially
in some cases
through thick and thin
subsequently
otherwise
as a result
due to this
in this case
in the same time
in this regard
mainly
often
exclusively
at most
meanwhile
just in case
in case of emergency
if possible
as far as possible
still
practically
approximately
with all that
with (all) desire
on occasion
equally
the biggest
at the very least
actually
in addition
to top it off
by the proposal
by decree
by decision
traditionally
A comma is NOT placed at the beginning of a sentence:
“Before... I found myself...”
"Since…"
"Before as…"
"Although…"
"As…"
"In order to…"
"Instead of…"
“Actually...”
"While…"
“Especially since...”
"Nevertheless…"
“Despite the fact that...” (at the same time - separately); There is NO comma before “what”.
"If…"
"After…"
“And...”
« Finally" in the meaning of "finally" - is not separated by commas.
« And this despite the fact that..."- a comma is always placed in the middle of a sentence!
« Based on this, …"- a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
BUT: “He did this based on...” - no comma is used.
« After all, if... then..." - a comma is not placed before "if", since the second part of the double conjunction - "then" - comes next. If there is no “then”, then a comma is placed before “if”!
« Less than two years..." - a comma is not placed before “what”, because this is not a comparison.
Comma before "How" placed only in case of comparison.
« Politicians like Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov...” - a comma is added because there is a noun "policy".
BUT: "… policies such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov…” - there is no comma before “how”.
Commas are not used:
“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God’s sake”- not separated by commas, + the word “god” is written with a small letter.
BUT: commas are placed in both directions:
"God bless" in the middle of the sentence it is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word “God” in this case is written with a capital letter) + at the beginning of the sentence - it is highlighted with a comma (on the right side).
"By God"- in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word “god” in this case is written with a small letter).
"My God"- separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence, “God” - with a small letter.
