Primary school: morphological analysis of words. How to do a morphological analysis

In winter it's nice to allow yourself to dream a little about summer. I wish it would come sooner! I love to lie in the sun, splash in the water, wander through the forest, breathing in the resinous air. It is clean and fresh in the morning until the dew dries, shining on the grass. In my opinion, summer is better than winter. (42 words)

Exercise 1. Perform a morphological analysis of the words in the sentence.

In winter it's nice to allow yourself to dream a little about summer.

Answer:

1) Adverb,

3) nice (when?) in winter

2. Nice

1) Adverb,
2) constant signs: determinative (of a course of action), significant;
3) Nice(part of a compound nominal predicate, connective zero)

3. Allow

1) Verb, n.f. - allow;
2) permanent signs: SV, transitional, irreversible, 2 references; inconstant features: indefinite form of the verb;
3) nice (what to do?) allow

1) Pronoun, n.f. - myself;
2) constant features: correlates with a noun, reflexive; inconsistent signs: D.p.;
3) allow (who?) to myself

5. A little

1) Adverb,
2) constant signs: determinative (measures and degrees), significant;
3) dream (how much?) A little

1) Preposition,
2) permanent characteristics: object, non-derivative, simple;
3) is included in the prepositional-case combination (about) lete, in itself it is not a member of the sentence

7. (about) summer

1) Noun, n.f. - summer;

3) dream (about what?) (about) summer

Task 2. Perform a morphological analysis of the words in the sentence.

I wish it would come sooner!

Answer:

1) Particle,
2) permanent features: semantic (intensifying)

1) Particle,
2) permanent characteristics: formative;
3) is part of the predicate, but in itself is not a member of the sentence

1) Pronoun, n.f. - it;
2) constant features: correlates with a noun, personal, 3 l., singular, s.r.; inconsistent signs: I.p.;
3) (What?) it

4. Hurry up

1) Adverb,
2) constant signs: adverbial (of time), significant;
3) would it come (when?) hurry up

5. It would come

1) Verb, n.f. - come;
2) constant signs: SV, intransitive, irrevocable, 1 reference; non-constant features: conditional mood, singular, mean.
3) it (what would it do?) it would come

Task 3. Perform a morphological analysis of the words in the sentence.

I love to lie in the sun, splash in the water, wander through the forest, breathing in the resinous air.

Answer:

1) Verb, n.f. - be in love;
2) permanent signs: NSV, transitional, irreversible, 2 references; inconstant features: indicative mood, present tense, 1l., singular;
3) (I) (what am I doing?) I like to lie down(love - part of a compound verbal predicate)

2. Lie down

1) Verb, n.f. - lie down;

3) (I) (what am I doing?) I like to lie down(to lie down is part of a compound verbal predicate)

1) Preposition,

3) is included in the prepositional-case combination (on) the sun, in itself is not a member of the sentence

4. Sunshine

1) Noun, n.f. - Sun;
2) constant features: common noun, inanimate, middle word, 2nd class; non-permanent signs: singular, pp;
3) I like to lie down (where?) (in) the sun

5. Splash around

1) Verb, n.f. - splash around;
2) permanent features: SV, intransitive, reflexive, 1 reference; inconstant features: indefinite form of the verb;
3) (I) (what am I doing?) I like to splash around(splash is part of a compound verb predicate)

1) Preposition,
2) permanent features: places, non-derivative, simple;
3) is included in the prepositional-case combination (in) water, in itself is not a member of the sentence

1) Noun, n.f. - water;
2) permanent features: common noun, inanimate, female form, 1st class; non-permanent signs: singular, pp;
3) I like to splash around (where?) (in water

8. Wander

1) Verb, n.f. - wander around;
2) constant signs: SV, intransitive, irrevocable, 2 references; inconstant features: indefinite form of the verb;
3) (I) (what am I doing?) I like to wander(wander - part of a compound verb predicate)

1) Preposition,
2) permanent features: places, non-derivative, simple;
3) is included in the prepositional-case combination (by) forest, in itself is not a member of the sentence

1) Noun, n.f. - forest;
2) permanent features: common noun, inanimate, m.p., 2nd class; non-permanent signs: singular, d.p.;
3) I like to wander (where?) (through) the forest

11. Inhaling

Option 1(interpretation of gerunds as part of speech):

1) Participle,
2) permanent signs: NBC;
3) I like to wander (how?) inhaling the tarry air

Option 2(interpretation of the gerund as a verb form):

1) Verb, n.f. - inhale;
2) permanent signs: NSV., transitional, irreversible, 1 reference; inconstant signs: form of participle;
3) I like to wander (how?) inhaling the tarry air(inhaling is part of a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase)

12. Resinous

1) Adjective, n.f. - resinous,
2) constant signs: relative; inconsistent features: singular, m.r., v.p.;
3) I like to wander (how?) inhaling the tarry air(resinous is part of a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase)

13. Air

1) Noun, n.f. - air;
2) permanent features: common noun, inanimate, m.p., 2nd class; non-permanent signs: singular, v.p.
3) I like to wander (how?) inhaling the tarry air(air is part of a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase)

Task 4. Perform a morphological analysis of the words in the sentence.

It is clean and fresh in the morning until the dew dries, shining on the grass.

Answer:

1) Pronoun, n.f. - He;
2) constant features: correlates with a noun, personal, 3 l., singular, m.r.; inconsistent signs: I.p.;
3) (What?) He

1) Adjective, n.f. - clean;

3) he (what?) clean

1) Union,
2) constant features: coordinating (connective), non-derivative, simple;
3) is not a member of the proposal

1) Adjective, n.f. - fresh;
2) permanent features: qualitative, short form; inconsistent signs: singular, m.r.;
3) he (what?) fresh

1) Adverb,
2) constant signs: adverbial (of time), significant;
3) clean and fresh (when?) in the morning

1) Union,
2) permanent features: subordinate (temporary), non-derivative, simple;
3) is not a member of the proposal

7. Don't
1) Particle,
2) permanent features: semantic (negative);
3) is not a member of the proposal

8. Dry

1) Verb, n.f. - dry;
2) constant signs: SV, intransitive, irrevocable, 1 reference; inconstant features: indicative mood, future tense, 3 liters, singular;
3) dew (what will it do?) will dry out

1) Noun, n.f. - dew,
2) permanent features: common noun, inanimate, female form, 1st class; non-permanent signs: singular, i.p.;
3) (what?) dew

10. Radiant

Option 1(interpretation of the participle as a verb form):

1) Verb, n.f. - shine;
2) constant signs: NSV, intransitive, irreversible, 1 reference; inconstant signs: active participle, present tense, singular, w.r., I.p.;
3) I like to wander (how?) inhaling the tarry air(inhaling is part of a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase)

Option 2(interpretation of the participle as a part of speech).

Verb parsing plan

Verb parsing examples

If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds(proverb).

Do you love

1. What are you doing?
2. N. f. - be in love. Morphological characteristics:
   1) imperfect appearance;
   2) non-refundable;
   3) transitional;
   4) II conjugation.
   
   2) present tense;
   3) singular;
   4) 2nd person.

Ride

1. Verb; denotes action; answers the question what to do?
2. N. f. - ride. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) imperfect appearance;
   2) returnable;
   3) intransitive;
   4) I conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characteristics. Used in the infinitive form (unchangeable form).
3. In a sentence it is part of a compound verb predicate.

Love

1. Verb; denotes action; answers the question what are you doing?
2. N. f. - be in love. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) imperfect appearance;
   2) non-refundable;
   3) transitional;
   4) II conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characteristics. Used in the form:
   1) imperative mood;
   2) singular;
   3) 2nd person.
3. In a sentence it is part of a compound verb predicate.

Plowing has begun(Prishvin).

Started

1. Verb; denotes action; answers the question what did you do?
2. N. f. - start. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) perfect form;
   2) returnable;
   3) intransitive;
   4) I conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characteristics. Used in the form:
   1) indicative mood;
   2) past tense;
   3) singular;
   4) feminine.
3. It is a predicate in a sentence.

Verb parsing plan

Verb parsing examples

If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds(proverb).

Do you love

1. What are you doing?
2. N. f. - be in love. Morphological characteristics:
   1) imperfect appearance;
   2) non-refundable;
   3) transitional;
   4) II conjugation.
   
   2) present tense;
   3) singular;
   4) 2nd person.

Ride

1. Verb; denotes action; answers the question what to do?
2. N. f. - ride. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) imperfect appearance;
   2) returnable;
   3) intransitive;
   4) I conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characteristics. Used in the infinitive form (unchangeable form).
3. In a sentence it is part of a compound verb predicate.

Love

1. Verb; denotes action; answers the question what are you doing?
2. N. f. - be in love. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) imperfect appearance;
   2) non-refundable;
   3) transitional;
   4) II conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characteristics. Used in the form:
   1) imperative mood;
   2) singular;
   3) 2nd person.
3. In a sentence it is part of a compound verb predicate.

Plowing has begun(Prishvin).

Started

1. Verb; denotes action; answers the question what did you do?
2. N. f. - start. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) perfect form;
   2) returnable;
   3) intransitive;
   4) I conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characteristics. Used in the form:
   1) indicative mood;
   2) past tense;
   3) singular;
   4) feminine.
3. It is a predicate in a sentence.

Secondary school students must acquire not only deep theoretical knowledge, but also solid practical skills. To this end, an important role in the educational process is assigned to grammatical analysis, which helps to practically master the grammatical categories studied in the course of the modern Russian language, comprehend the rules of spelling and punctuation, systematize and consolidate the acquired knowledge. This type of exercise serves as an effective method for organizing independent classes in the Russian language, a method of self-control and testing knowledge. Grammar analysis is widely used in the study of all sections of grammar.

The subject of this series of articles is grammar analysis in Russian language lessons at school. Grammatical analysis is the analysis of certain grammatical phenomena in a given text (whole sentences or parts thereof, members of a sentence, individual morphemes, etc.), assigning them to one or another grammatical category and the grammatical characteristics of the broken sentence or individual word.

In Russian language lessons, any type of analysis presupposes a motivation for the answer: the student is required to provide a detailed, logically sound, coherent answer, which provides a description of the linguistic phenomenon and justifies its assignment to one or another grammatical category.

Thus, grammatical analysis helps to improve the general language culture of children, develops their speech, and helps to comprehend the logical connection of language phenomena.

The relevance of the articles lies in understanding the importance of distinguishing between concepts and types of grammatical analysis. This series of articles examines samples of phonetic, various types of morphological and syntactic, as well as spelling and punctuation analysis.

The novelty of the work lies in the breadth of material used for the analysis of various types of grammatical parsing.

The first article examines the order and patterns of phonetic analysis, morphemic, word-formation and etymological analysis. Phonetics is an important and difficult part of the Russian language course at school. The proposed schemes will help students organize independent study of this topic and systematize the knowledge gained.

The second article discusses the order and examples of morphological analysis.

Spelling and punctuation analysis have an important place in the school course, therefore, students must be proficient in these types of analysis. Since spelling and punctuation are closely related to grammar, this article includes schemes for spelling and punctuation analysis.

The third article provides a detailed analysis of spelling analysis, syntactic analysis of a phrase, a simple sentence: all its types (nominative, definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal and non-conjunctive sentences), the order of their analysis and examples of analysis of one-part sentences are given.

The fourth article examines the analysis of complex sentences, gives an order and example of analysis by members of a sentence, an analysis of a complex and complex sentence and a sentence of a complex complex type.

And finally, the fifth article discusses issues related to non-conjunctive complex sentences (polynomial non-conjunctive complex sentences with different types of allied and non-conjunctive connections)

The purpose of this series of articles is to help students prepare for the Unified State Exam and Russian language lessons.

One of the tasks of preparing students for exams is to teach them to apply in practice the theoretical knowledge acquired while studying the Russian language school course.

The brief guidelines contained in each section of the article will help Russian language teachers and students determine the range of questions on each topic and the main direction in their work. Recommendations are given for the most difficult topics.

It is advisable to begin a full grammatical analysis after studying all the material on a given topic or section.

When practicing grammatical analysis according to the proposed schemes, the teacher needs to achieve comprehensive answers to questions. This will allow you to consciously assimilate and consolidate almost all the theoretical material of the course.

By completing the proposed exercises, the student must comprehend and remember the order of analysis and its volume and learn to present his observations in literary language in the form of a coherent argument.

The methodological basis of the work was the methods and methods of grammatical analysis at the university and at school. The article includes an analysis of numerous sentences with different types of connections (conjunctive - coordinating and subordinating; conjunctive and non-conjunctive), as well as an analysis of non-conjunctive sentences.

The works of acad. V.V. Vinogradov, D.E Rosenthal, N.S. Valgina, T.F. Ivanova, N.M. Shansky and others.

Morphological analysis

There are ten parts of speech in modern Russian:

1. Noun;
2. Adjective;
3. Numeral name;
4. Pronoun;
5. Verb;
6. Adverb;
7. Preposition;
8. Union;
9. Particles;
10. Interjections.

In the scientific literature, following Academician V.V. Vinogradov distinguishes state categories and modal words as special categories. This leads to some discrepancies in the analysis of these parts of speech.

It is very important to understand the order of parsing parts of speech. The sequence of listing the grammatical features of a word should not be random. Among the many features of each part of speech, first of all, constant features are distinguished that are characteristic of the word as a whole and each of its forms. For example, for a noun, these are the signs that determine its belonging to one or another lexical-grammatical category: proper or common nouns, animate or inanimate. In any of its forms, a common noun remains a common noun, and a proper noun remains a proper noun, etc.

A permanent feature of a noun is its gender, since nouns do not change by gender. The noun’s belonging to a certain type of declension does not change either. All these features are characteristic of the word as a whole and constitute its general characteristics.

Another group of word features consists of inflection features, i.e., grammatical features by which the words of a given part of speech change, forming a system of word forms. Thus, a noun changes in numbers and cases, forming forms of various cases in the singular and plural. A verb can change according to moods, tenses, persons, numbers, sometimes according to gender, forming the corresponding forms, i.e. the paradigm of a given word ( Paradigm(from Greek paradeigma- example, sample), a system of forms of one word, reflecting modifications of the word according to its inherent grammatical categories, for example, gender, number and case for nouns, person, tense, aspect, etc. for verbs; scheme of word changes according to grammatical categories; sample type of declension or conjugation). In Russian, for example, the complete paradigm of adjectives includes three paradigms for the singular, one for the plural, one paradigm for short forms and forms of degrees of comparison.)

It is very important to teach students to distinguish between the properties of a word as a whole and the properties of its individual forms. Correctly constructed grammatical analysis will help develop and consolidate this skill.

During grammatical analysis, the initial form of the word is first indicated and its general characteristics are given, i.e. list its permanent characteristics. Then they determine in what form this word is used, i.e., they analyze the characteristics of this form. And if this word is given in context, its syntactic connections and functions are considered: what word is it connected with, what member of the sentence is it. This is the general procedure for analyzing all significant parts of speech. The analysis of function words, of course, goes according to a different plan.

The distinction between the features of a word and the features of a form should be expressed in the very formulations of grammatical analysis. For example, a common noun, animate, feminine, third declension; used in the singular form, instrumental case, etc.

The order of morphological analysis

Noun

1. Part of speech.

3. Constant signs:
a) proper or common noun;
b) animate or inanimate;
c) gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, general)
d) declination.
4. Variable signs:
a) case;
b) number; having only singular or only plural.
5. Function in a sentence.

Adjective

1. Part of speech.

3. Constant signs:
a) rank by meaning (qualitative, relative, possessive)
b) for qualitative ones: degree of comparison, simple or complex form (for comparative and superlative degrees);
c) for quality ones: full or short form
4. Variable signs:
a) case;
b) number;
c) gender (singular)
d) what word it depends on.
5. Function in a sentence.

Numeral

1. Part of speech.
2. Initial form (nominative case)
3. Constant signs:
a) simple, compound, complex;
b) quantitative or ordinal;
c) rank by value (for quantitative)
4. Variable signs:
a) case;
b) gender (if any)
c) number (if any)
5. Function in a sentence.

Pronoun

1. Part of speech.
2. Initial form (nominative singular)
3. Constant signs:
a) rank by value; what part of speech it corresponds to;
b) gender (for personal pronouns of the 3rd person)
4. Variable signs:
a) case;
b) gender (if any)
c) number (if any) a) case;
5. Function in a sentence.

Verb

1. Part of speech.
2. Initial form (indefinite form; infinitive)
3. Constant signs:
a) type;
b) repayment;
c) transitivity;
d) conjugation.
4. Variable signs:
a) mood (indicative, conditional, imperative)
b) number;
c) time (if any)
d) face (if any)
d) gender (if any)
5. Function in a sentence.

Participle

2. Initial form (nominative singular masculine)
3. Constant signs:
a) type;
b) repayment;
c) transitivity;
d) active or passive;
d) time (present, past)
4. Variable signs:
a) full or short form (for passive participles)
b) number;
c) gender
d) case (for participles in full form)
d) what word does it depend on?
5. Function in a sentence.

Participle

1. Part of speech (special form of verb)
2. Signs:
a) type;
b) repayment;
c) transitivity;
3. Function in a sentence.

Adverb

1. Part of speech
2. Group and rank by value.
3. Degree of comparison.
4. Functions in a sentence.

Pretext

1. Part of speech.
2. Non-derivative or derivative.
3. With what case is it used.

Union

1. Part of speech
2. Simple or compound.
3. Coordinating or subordinating.
4. Type by use (single, repeating, double)
5. Members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence are connected.

Particle

1. Part of speech
2. Discharge.

Samples of morphological analysis

Clouds of mosquitoes stood low above the ground, and lapwings cried pitifully in the wastelands. Everything predicted rain, but there was not a single cloud. Pyotr Mikhailovich crossed his line and galloped across a flat, smooth field.(A. P. Chekhov “Neighbors”)

Now he walked like an animal, carefully. An alarmed ear caught every rustle, eyes scoured around. (B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”

Situated behind a player, he studied his cards, not understanding anything about them, because he didn’t know a single game.. (Honoré de Balzac "Lost Illusions")

Low– adverb, unchangeable part of speech. Answers the question how?, attributive group, qualitative. in relation to an adjective, formed from its stem using a suffix -O , in a sentence adjoins the predicate verb stood, is a circumstance of the manner of action.

Above– a preposition, simple, non-derivative, serves to express spatial relationships between nannies. Used with the instrumental case of a noun (above the ground), not used with other cases.

Earth - noun, initial form – earth. Common noun, inanimate, feminine, 1st declension. Used in the instrumental case with the preposition (above the ground). Singular, not used in plural. In a sentence it is an adverbial adverb of place.

stood– verb, initial form – stand, imperfective form, irreversible, intransitive, 2nd conjugation, used in the indicative mood, in the plural, in the past tense, is a predicate in the sentence.

Complaining– adverb, attributive group, qualitative. In relation to an adjective, formed from its base using a suffix -O . In a sentence it adjoins the predicate verb and serves as a circumstance of the manner of action.

But– conjunction, simple, coordinating, adversative, solitary. Connecting parts of a complex sentence.

Not - the particle, negative, refers to the verb (wasn't).

One– numeral, initial form – one. Simple in structure, quantitative.

Declined as the pronoun itself. Used in a sentence with a noun ( not a single cloud), agrees with it in units. h., Wed. r., r. p., is the definition.

My– pronoun, initial form – own, possessive, inflected as a possessive adjective of the fox type. Used in the accusative case, feminine, singular; can be combined with the noun between and is a definition.

Jumped– verb, initial form – gallop. Perfective verb, irreversible, intransitive, 1st conjugation. Used in the indicative form, past tense, singular, masculine. This form is derived from the infinitive form gallop- using a formative suffix -l- . In a sentence it is a simple verbal predicate.

Alarmed- a special form of the verb - participle. Initial form - alarm. Perfective verb, irreversible, transitive, 2nd conjugation. The verb is used in the passive participle form, past tense. The participle is formed from the stem of the infinitive alarm(s)- using a formative suffix -enn- . It has a full form, is declined like an adjective, is in the nominative case, singular, masculine. Depends on the word hearing, is the definition.

Understanding – special form of the verb - gerund, initial form - understand. Imperfective verb, irreversible, transitive, 1st conjugation. The verb is used in the form of a gerund; it is formed from the stem of the present tense, understand - using the suffix -A (graphically -I ), performs the function of circumstance.

Rovny– adjective, initial form equal. Qualitative, full form, used with a preposition in the dative form of the neuter singular, refers to the word field. In a sentence it is a definition.